No |  |  |  | 1st Author | Year | Sample Size | Age (year) Mean/Median  ± SD/(IQR) | Population | Name of Intervention | Control | Outcome | Timec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |  |  |  | Liu | 2018 | N = 1,298 I:644 C:654 | I:78.9 ± 5.3 C:79.1 ± 5.2 | Age = 70–79 Healthy Sedentary Pre-frail/frail and MCI | LIFE | AC (Health education) | IM (IL6) | T1:24 months |
2 |  |  |  | Yoon | 2018 | N = 65 I: 32 C: 33 | I:73.82 ± 4.37 C:74.03 ± 4.27 | Age ≥ 65 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI | Resistance exercise training | AC (balance and resistance band stretching) | Co (MMSE, FAB, CERAD, TMT, DST, RM) F (FFI) PF (TUG, SPPB, GS; HG, PT) | T1:16w |
3 |  |  |  | Furtadoa | 2020 | N = 60 I:20 C(CSE):21 C:19 | I:80.14 ± 8.19 C(CSE):81 ± 4.79 C:80.93 ± 10.01 | Age ≥ 75 Pre-frail/frail and MCI Women | Chair multimodal exercise | UC AC (CSE) | IM (IL6) PF (SFTB) N (MNA) | T1:28w |
4 |  |  |  | Kwan | 2020 | N = 33 I:16 C: 17 | I:70.5(7) C:71.0(14) | Age ≥ 60 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI MVPA: < 150 min in the last 7 days | mHealth brisk walking intervention | AC (health education, brisk walking training, conventional behavioural intervention) | Co (MoCA) F (FFI) PA (WT, SC, MVPA) PF (PASE, HG, GS) | T1:13w |
5 |  |  |  | Lee | 2020 | N = 42 I: 18 C:22 | I:73.7 ± 4.6 C:74.2 ± 4.4 | Age ≥ 65 Healthy Frailty and MCI | High-speed power training | AC (health education) | Co (MMSE, FAB, FLT) F (FFI) PF (TUG, GS, PT, and RTD) | T1:8w |
6 |  |  |  | Chen | 2021 | N = 62 I:31 C:31 | I:84.6 ± 4.2 C:84.8 ± 5.4 | Age >  = 75 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI | Otago exercise programme | AC (health education) | PF (FTSST, TUG, BBS) PS (GDS-15, SF-12 MCS) | T1:12w |
7 |  |  |  | Jiayuanb | 2021 | N = 93 I:31 C(TCC): 31 C(M):31 | I (MTCC):71.3 ± 5.0 C(TCC):71.7 ± 3.9 C:70.8 ± 4.2 | Age ≥ 65 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI | Tai Chi Chuan, mindfulness intervention | AC (M or TCC) | Co (MMSE) PF (SPPB, TUG, 30 s-Chair Test) | T1:12 m |
8 |  |  |  | Murukesu | 2021 | N = 42 I:21 C:21 | I:67.7 ± 4.4 C:70.8 ± 7.1 | Age ≥ 60 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI | Multi-domain intervention | UC | PA (IPAQ) PF (FAQ) PS (FS, GHQ-12, COPE) | T1:24w |
9 |  |  |  | Kwan | 2021 | N = 17 I:9 C:8 | I:73(7.5) C:77.5(15.3) | Age ≥ 60 Healthy Pre-frail/frail and MCI Outdoor walker | VR reality motor-cognitive training | AC (PA and cognitive training) | Co (MoCA) F (FFI) PF (TUG, HS) | T1:8w |